Also known as the Madrid Peace Talks or Madrid Summit. Refers to the international peace conference held in Madrid, Spain in 1991, following the First Gulf War. Co-sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union, it was the first time that representatives from Israel, the Palestinian community and representatives from Arab countries that had not yet formally recognized Israel came together to discuss the prospects for peace in direct negotiations. US President George H.W. Bush saw it as redemption of pledges he had made to Arab leaders in setting up the anti-Saddam Hussein coalition during the First Gulf War; Israel was incensed by the inclusion of Palestinian Liberation Organization representatives, albeit as part of the Jordanian delegation. The talks were based on United Nations Resolutions 242 and 338 as well as the Camp David Accords of 1978, accepting the “land-for-peace” formula for resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. It set up a system of multi- and bilateral committees, which met with few results until overtaken by the revelation of the Oslo Process between Israel and Palestinian representatives in August 1993. The Madrid Conference is generally seen as a precursor to Oslo, though formally unrelated. See Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press, 2000; Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 5th ed. Boston: University of Arizona, 2004; and “The Madrid Framework.” 28 January 1999. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 21 August 2011. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Madrid+Framework.htm.  http://www.justvision.org/glossary/madrid-conference