Beit Jala, a Palestinian city on the western outskirts of the city of Bethlehem in the southern West Bank, sits adjacent to Gilo, a Jewish Israeli settlement in the southern part of the Jerusalem municipality. Gilo was established after the War of 1967 on land that would later be included in Israel’s annexation of East Jerusalem, although the annexation has not been recognized internationally. During the Second Intifada, Gilo was struck by small arms fire from militant groups operating out of Beit Jala. Israel responded with helicopter gun ships and tank fire, and a short-lived incursion into Beit Jala. Attacks on Gilo declined rapidly after 2002. See Goldenberg, Suzanne. “Defiant Palestinians rain fire on settlement.” The Guardian. 30 August 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/aug/30/israel.  http://www.justvision.org/glossary/gilobeit-jala-hostilities